United Kingdom-TSR.2-assault _ small fish

1960s, the first generation of high-altitude long-range anti-aircraft missiles became the subject of national air defense forces, the wide equipment and large high-altitude bomber aircraft are facing unprecedented threat, but as such can be low-altitude F-105 high-speed flying light aircraft are reflected in the missile-defense system's excellent survivability. But F-105 such plane or too thin, do not have the high-performance precision navigation and throwing ability, or in simple front landing at the airport, to compensate for the shortcomings of this type of aircraft, air powers have opened the development of new types of attack/bomber. United States of A-5 "vigilante" shipborne fighter plane, F-111 multipurpose fighter and strike aircraft of the Soviet Union has successfully developed Su-24. United Kingdom in the air is also TSR.2 period in the same context, she was the United Kingdom aviation industry's highest individual achievement, but the last of the brilliant but is a kind of sad. TSR.2 history from March 1957, the United Kingdom Royal Air Force General staff declared GOR.339, project plan (later renamed OR.339), require a 1964 years ago get tactical assault/reconnaissance aircraft to replace the "Canberra" bomber. The air force requires the aircraft to perform low-altitude speed 24/7 penetration by task, in high-altitude flight, the speed to be able to reach Mach 2, and Mach 1.5 speed supersonic cruise, combat radius of not less than 1850 km, and the air refueling capability, with special emphasis on the simple from the short runway capability. The new aircraft will have 2 crew: driver and Navigator, aircraft weapons including tactical nuclear bombs and conventional bombs. Clearly, the new aircraft will become a can and "3-V" bomber (the "Vulcan", the "winner" and "warriors") function like nuclear weapons-machine, and this aircraft will not be affected by the Treaty of weapons of mass destruction. OR.339 project plan have been issued to all major aircraft manufacturing company. United Kingdom, and the short brothers propose improvement P.17D P.17 and vertical programmes, Blackburn's response is "the plunderer NA.39" shipborne fighter plane on the basis of the improved design. NA.39 "the plunderer" aircraft was in preparation for the naval shipborne subsonic aircraft, if the air force's procurement, will share the development cost, significant reduction in the purchase price. Air force refused the subsonic aircraft programme, considers that the progressive adoption of this technology does not aircraft than keep existing "Canberra" bomber. Finally, the air force chose United Kingdom electric P.17A design. According to the United Kingdom Ministry of aviation was initially projected, OR.339 takes 3,500 million pounds, and be able to complete the deployment in 1965. In order to win government officials on the support of the project, OR.339 United Kingdom Air Defense Agency Minister del in defense research policy Committee, explained the OR.339, he pointed out that the success of the project will OR.339 on United Kingdom aviation industrial development and the United Kingdom's position in NATO has played a vital role, particularly in the 1957 "defense white paper" to the United Kingdom air industrial wreaked havoc, he even said: "this may be the last United Kingdom to develop operational aircraft! " October 1958, Department of Defense approved OR.339 project funding. But now the development cost is twice the number of months ago predict results a 7000 m, air force requirements of the Ministry of finance to ensure 62 million and the other to 1500 to 2500 million as the subsequent replenishment. The Ministry of Finance on air force very dissatisfied with the accused deliberately used the lower the cost of the air force to win the approval of the project and called on the feasibility and OR.339 NA.39 need assessment again. Despite this, OR.339 project or start complaining about sound. January 1, 1959, OR.339 project officially named TSR.2 aircraft. TSR represents aircraft use tactical assault (TacticalStrike) and reconnaissance (Reconnaissance), and in order to mark the second world war became Fairey "Marlin" TSRII torpedo machine. OR.339 plan has also been last modified and was renamed as OR.343. OR.343 plan requires TSR.2 to 60 meters in height to 1.1 Mach speed penetration, in hollow height above 2 Mach speed, cross-country voyage to over 5000 km and in 600 m of runway, and equipped with the most advanced automatic navigation system to ensure that nuclear weapons into circle radius probability at 200 meters. Air force wants in 1965 by a squadron of TSR.2. June 10, 1959, the development contract TSR.2 has finally been signed. The Ministry of finance will provide the project with 6170 million plan to manufacture 9 prototypes. At the request of the Government, by Viktor a Armstrong, electrical and later joined the United Kingdom's Bristol aeroplane company composed of British aircraft Corporation in June 1960, was proclaimed (3 to 40 per cent and 40 per cent and 20 per cent of the shares), Bristol engine company and Armstrong-Novosedly engine company has formed a Bristol-José deli engine co., Ltd. This combination also reluctant to later in the planning, management and communication failures laid. In addition, the United Kingdom Government to follow the practice of the United States military projects, a progress assessment Board, a development progress Committee, a management and a Steering Committee, on the design and manufacture TSR.2 for full management and appraisal. This imitation should increase transparency, improve productivity and communication channels, but United Kingdom traditional bureaucracy lead to serious intervention manufacturers design and manufacturing work, for example engineers in determining a switch in the cockpit of the position, not to seek the views of the pilots, but often with government representativesFor three hours or more meetings and discussions. In this case, the producer groups/| | | Provincial differences will become more and more serious. TSR.2 design based on the United Kingdom electric designer Fred • Pedro quarter P.17A programme, but has also been significantly modified, modified wing shape, the inlet from the wing to the fuselage sides. July 1959, the company will be submitted to the Government for final design and plan in January 1963, production aircraft flight tests in January 1966, officially put into use. The design and the United States TSR.2 A-5 "vigilante" shipborne air extremely similar, mainly reflected in the slender body, tandem two-seater, the fuselage side inlet, cantilever within single or double on buried engine, tall single vertical tail, conventional stabilizer etc. TSR.2 empty 20,344 kg maximum take-off weight 34,500 kilograms, meters, with a wingspan of 11.28 27.13 m machine 7.32 meters high. The fuselage is aluminium alloy half-hard shell structure, major material is aluminum-copper alloy, aerodynamic heating part adopts aluminum-lithium alloys, in the engine frame, nozzle and high fever in parts also incorporates a titanium alloy. From forward, the airframe is divided into radar cabin, cockpit, electronic equipment, the fuselage main tank and the engine compartment. TSR.2 of avionics are United States North American aircraft company Ortona mention Alex Branch provides, it also installed in shielded A-5 United States. The aircraft's forward is a small radar module, internal installation of a Doppler radar. The radar is the world's first terrain track radar, but the scope and range are very limited, not only in the undulating terrain to navigate, and in the air refuelling, air refueling of azimuth data. Inertial navigation system and Doppler radar bombing-navigation system formed, and the aircraft autopilot and altimetric radar complexes, you can automatically control aircraft navigation, slope, height and speed, TSR.2 typical entry mode is 90 metres of fixed height with relief over the target to complete after throwing mobile high speed. The two pilots were in the top position is Turbo tandem cockpit, such a strange layout for ease when flying at low altitude in the ground. The front of the driver has good front and side vision, which perform very beneficial throwing task, but the back seat of the Navigator only through a small window to see both sides of a limited scope. Pilots are equipped with Martin-Baker Mk.8A ejection seat, the line through the explosion blasted out of the aircraft cabin glass ejection. TSR.2 's cabin glass also plated with a layer of gold compounds in protective layer that shields the radiation may be encountered. In addition, the cockpit is equipped with State-of-the-head-up display and mobile map display. 2 adjust band to move air inlet cone semicircle is located in the middle of the sides of the fuselage, where later the air intake on the secondary air intake. Fuselage belly is a bomb, can carry 1 to 2 pieces of nuclear bombs, or 6pcs 454 kg conventional bombs. In reconnaissance missions, you can play the cabin carries a includes SLRs, cameras and infrared scanner and other equipment for reconnaissance. TSR.2 wing is a typical cut tip delta wing, sweep angle is 60 degrees. This low aspect ratio wing conducive to high speed flight, while also reducing the aircraft take-off and landing performance, TSR.2 in wing back edge of the layout of a group at that time the most efficient inflatable flaps devices, you can take off 30 ° deflection, in landing deflection 50 degrees, greatly increased wing lift. The outer wing section TSR.2 design very unique, large angle against the outer wing section can enhance the aircraft's directional stability, and avoiding turbulent noise level wing spoiler. Outer wing anti has also become one of the typical characteristics of TSR.2. TSR.2 wing without aileron, no spoiler, rolling action depend on the back edge of the horizontal tail control surface. There are also under the wing of two external point, hanging load 2,722 kg, you can hang Bong AS.30 air-to-surface missiles, bombs, rockets nest or Deputy fuel tank, the fuel tank, Vice-President, if hanging will further increase the amount of oil 10,920 litres. The vertical fin and TSR.2 A-5 vertical tail plane almost identical, regardless of the shape or structure are comparable, are rare sweep cantilever full dynamic mode. The horizontal tail TSR.2 are fixed total metal full cantilever structure, followed by the edge of a pair can be differential rudder surface, so the primary function of the horizontal tail not only on the pitch control, you can also control the aircraft roll. This unconventional design mainly because of the wing, wing TSR.2 paragraph opposing, machine, structure and pneumatic effects detrimental to the aileron in wing layout section. In the wings and horizontal tail on, there are between 4 block gear plate. Aircraft tail also arranged a deceleration umbrella. The fuselage was high TSR.2, that require a high level of landing gear. Landing gear for high strength steel for materials with low pressure tyres to fit the airstrip of ups and downs, nose landing gear for side-by-side double wheel backward income in the form of body, main landing gear is a rare form of tandem double wheel, and the inner side of the income of the fuselage. And other "high foot" aircraft, the landing gear is a thorny problem of part of the key "," landing gear failure from the start has been plaguing the initial test flight TSR.2. Dynamic quite strong TSR.2. Olympus 22RMk.320 double rotor axial-flow Jet engine by later Rawls • Heraeus company famous Stanley • Hooker research Dr. The engine is equipped with a variable section rear vents and water injection afterburning thrust, solitary normal 8,880 kg, afterburning thrust 13,885 kg. A-5 aircraft equipment J79-GE-10 engine in Olympus engines it is dwarfed by the face, or even a MiG-25 's D-31 engine thrustForce can compare with Olympus engines. So strong thrust is enough to make the aircraft in a high-altitude supersonic cruise flight, when you full Afterburner and at a height of more than $ 2.5 Mach maximum level flight speeds. But as a new development of the power plant, Olympus 22R engine in the development period is also experiencing great difficulties, especially in 1962 on 3 December, as a test platform of "warrior" bombers in the ground test of an explosion. Upon investigation, discovery engine turbine blade resonance occurs, causing the blade fracture flying out of casing, hitting the other parts of the body. July 1964, the ground test, also had a Olympus engine shaft broken event. TSR.2 aircraft fuel is very large, its 80 per cent of fuel reserves in fuselage main tank and the engine compartment around the layout of two fuselage fuel tank, the other 20% is stored in the total wing fuel tank, fuel quantity within reach 25,426 litres (General heavy air fighter and strike aircraft of 3 times, equivalent to the amount of oil medium bomber). Funding issues and progress of the delay is because of the direct TSR.2 project. March 1962, development cost estimate has been increased to $ 3700 m l, TSR.2 Project Management Division also came the bad news: TSR.2 first flying will be postponed to August 1963, the more ridiculous: designers rarely made some parts of the drawings, these parts have been left out. To that end, development cost estimates are as high as the $ 7500 ~ 2 billion pounds, stand-alone prices more than 210 million people in the army TSR.2 into time will be postponed until the end of 1967. Half a year later, development costs and then climb to the l billion 9,700 ~ 2 billion 2,200 million pounds. TSR.2 project into an embarrassing situation. In June 1963, the military has announced that it will order the 11 TSR.2 pre-production model. It was at that time, Australia is seeking 24 remote attack plane, a delegation arrives in Australia company British aircraft TSR.2 project, showing keen interest on TSR.2. There seems to be gradually TSR.2 dawn, people of faith are inspired. But finally in human factors, Australia's interests turned to cheaper "predators" attack plane, finally decided to order the F-111 United States. Export prospects TSR.2 suddenly in people in darkness. United Kingdom Ministry of defence and aviation began when someone TSR.2 project. July 1964, the cost estimate increased to 2 billion 4,000 m, stand-alone price reached 230 000-280 000 pounds. In September, the first prototypes were finally completed a ground test, the world is finally coming to head bet TSR.2 aircraft of the maiden flight. In fact, the first prototypes (XR219) fuselage parts in 1964, has been manufacturing is complete. But because of the airframe manufacturers and engine manufacturers combined with failure, the engine did not fit on the fuselage. After some modifications to the engine just installed, but when the ground test another abnormal vibration. Despair, the engine was banned in more than 97 per cent of normal thrust. And then again one month of the landing gear brake test, a solution to the landing gear of the room temperature is too high. In this way, the first flying prototype TSR.2 repeatedly postponed. Until 1964, September 27, in many respects, the pilot Roland • lambiotte and navigators Donald • cloth Krauth adventure driving an engine fails, the rate of XR219 open ground hurrying! was missing a lot of aircraft equipment, landing gear action unit is not functioning, the intake unit also is locked in a fixed position. The first flight tests indicate that there is no apparent defect TSR.2, basically meet the design requirements and Simulator simulation. October 1964, the overall situation of the Labour Government took office, programme wielded in 1969 to 1970, plans to cut funding for 20 million pounds. Expensive TSR.2 project nature became the preferred destination. However, the British aircraft Corporation also did not lose heart, flight test work also in an orderly manner. December 31, the replacement of the engine XR219 undertook a second test flight. But the trouble cannot be retracted the landing gear problems until the next February 6, the tenth flight test is resolved. 16 February, XR219 number 9,140 m height 0.9 Mach speed. 22 February, in Ireland sea 14th flight test, greatest XR219 with normal thrust 1.01 Mach speed, this is the first time in the history of flying supersonic cruise! then one engine of 1/3 afterburning (one engine's normal state in case of accidents), XR219 and fly to 1.1 Mach speeds with the accompanying "lightning" T.5 trainer far behind. 26 February, XR219, completed its first roll. Flight tests indicate that the aircraft is fully controllable, just in a supersonic flight, some several times later in the flight test there are serious gear vibration and oil spills, the aircraft is also a need to continue to improve external abroad, there are also some aircraft has become a strong competitor TSR.2, especially the United States by TFX (that is, the later F-111). United Kingdom Royal Air Force General staff should in no final conclusion TSR.2 project, school leaving a delegation to the United States to "national aviation industry is experiencing increased aerodynamics, weight and costs rise party difficulties" as a reason to talk to 3 billion 3,200 million purchase of 158 frame TFX. And then, if you want to select, in addition to TSR.2 has increased to 2 billion 7200 million of development costs, plus buy 158 aircraft 4 billion 6900 m. January 1965, the Department of defense officials expressed attitude to the outside world, they prefer cheap United States TFX aircraft. But the last word in CongressFor TFX and undertake a comprehensive assessment and TSR.2 discussion. April l, Cabinet meetings begin to discuss a project with F-111 TSR.2. United States willing to 212.2 million price and unit price of 232 m sale of early and late-F-111A. Although the United Kingdom consider that national security and the future of international standing, and reluctant to buy United States aircraft, but the price of temptation finally make conservative United Kingdom impressive. 6 April, the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced formally abolished TSR.2 gu. Defense Secretary Dennis • Hill Billy then declared United Kingdom will no longer own production of military aircraft, will reduce the amount of the purchase of military aircraft. The project was aborted, total XR219, XR220 and XR221 three prototypes manufacture finished, but only 13 XR219 number 03 minutes of flight hours. After the end of the test XR219 transferred to the care, sales, validation (Shoebur-yness) and experimental research using the MU and, finally, in 1982 were demolished. The original plan on April 6, the maiden flight of the collection in the Khao XR220 now Wexford (Cosford) Aviation Museum. XR221 and subsequently completed XR223 also was sent to homes, sales, and finally in 1972 to 1973 years were demolished. XR222 October 1965 endowed Lackland Air non-Calder, 1978 and transferred to reach Bickford's Royal War Museum. In the Government's command, all associated with TSR.2 design drawings, test records and production equipment have been destroyed or "lost", completed aircraft parts was left to the garbage dump, TSR.2 wooden solid models or even in the plant gate was burnt ignition. TSR.2 so die, as previously expected the same .TSR.2 also became the United Kingdom itself and the last generation of military aircraft. Although there is no shortage of end TSR.2 political infighting and the transformation of international strategic direction, but the main problem or "1957 defense white paper" impact of the aviation industry has entered the United Kingdom, talent and technical reserves are as before, plus the blind imitation of the management system and bureaucracy, resulting in the aircraft development costs and manufacturing costs, achieve a excessive growth countries cannot afford. Billy King-the war of the United Kingdom has not previously dominate the world's wealthy British Empire. Objective evaluation of the previous aircraft, TSR.2 is undoubtedly a very outstanding design. She has a good stability and controllability, equipped with the most advanced moves power equipment, bomb and the voyage is extremely good, the world's first supersonic visiting crowded, not only can become a State-of-the-art aircraft, but also have installed high-power radars, equipped with air-to-air, an excellent high-altitude, high-speed interceptor potential. Although she has become history, but also made a more or less valuable skills and experience-"Concord" supersonic airliner of Olympus 593-MK602 engine is in the Olympus TSR.2 22R engine developed on the basis of the "Jaguar" strike aircraft was also TSR.2 shadow. Ultimately, the United Kingdom Government savings calculations also without success. United States of F-111 faced problems than TSR.2 more cumbersome, resulting in a sharp rise in prices and the progress of serious lag, the United Kingdom in January 1968, to cancel the order, TF-111 turn ordering bomb most adequate F-4M "ghost" fighters with changed hands from the Navy to the air force's "the plunderer" S.2A strike aircraft to perform tasks on the ground. Until 1991, "the plunderer" S.2A also during the Gulf war for the United Kingdom air Beaver flight.